新一代战斗机非定常流动数值研究综述

新一代战斗机强调超机动能力和强隐身性，其中大攻角下的静态失速、动态失速及内埋弹仓绕流是与高机动和强隐身密切相关的、极具挑战的几类典型的非定常流动，它们对数值方法提出了极高的要求。为了高精度地仿真流场、清楚地揭示流动机理，有效地控制非定常流动，非常有必要发展高精度且高效率的RANS-LES混合方法体系，包含RANS-LES混合方法本身、与RANS-LES混合方法匹配的高精度自适应耗散格式、基准湍流模式、高质量计算网格、高精度时间推进方法、非定常量的统计方法等，具有极强的紧迫性。提出、发展、验证并应用该类方法数值仿真新一代战斗机（包括单独部件、组合体、甚至全机）的非定常流动，数值预测结果与风洞实验数据吻合良好；此类方法可为新型战斗机设计提供理论依据和分析手段。     

热/力耦合作用下基于应力分析的冰破坏准则

根据飞机热除冰的物理过程,考虑外部空气动力和蒙皮表面加热的作用,建立了NACA 0012翼型前缘冰层应力计算模型。采用有限元方法和平面三角形单元对控制方程组进行了求解,获得了外部空气动力和蒙皮表面加热对冰层黏附界面应力的影响规律。研究表明:蒙皮表面不加热时,来流速度影响了黏附界面应力的强度,来流攻角影响了黏附界面应力的分布,冰-蒙皮间黏附界面切应力最大值随来流速度呈近似线性增大趋势,但外部空气动力很难造成冰层破坏。蒙皮表面加热时,冰-蒙皮间黏附界面的耦合应力和冰层内部的主应力随着热流密度的增大而增大,很容易超过剪切强度,这是造成冰破坏的关键因素。耦合冰-蒙皮剪切强度随界面温度的变化关系,初步建立了基于应力分析和热/力耦合作用的冰破坏判断准则。外部空气动力产生的界面应力和蒙皮表面加热产生的界面热应力之和，必须大于与蒙皮表面温度相关的剪切强度，则冰层发生破坏，破坏位置是耦合应力超过剪切强度的区域。      

A CFD-based numerical virtual flight simulator and its application in control law design of a maneuverable missile model

A CFD-based Numerical Virtual Flight (NVF) simulator is presented, which integrates an unsteady flow solver on moving hybrid grids, a Rigid-Body Dynamics (RBD) solver and a module of the Flight Control System (FCS). A technique of dynamic hybrid grids is developed to control the active control surfaces with body morphing, with a technique of parallel unstructured dynamic overlapping grids generating proper moving grids over the deflecting control surfaces (e.g. the afterbody rudders of a missile). For the flow/kinematic coupled problems, the 6 Degree-Of-Freedom (DOF) equations are solved by an explicit or implicit method coupled with the URANS CFD solver. The module of the control law is explicitly coupled into the NVF simulator and then improved by the simulation of the pitching maneuver process of a maneuverable missile model. A nonlinear dynamic inversion method is then implemented to design the control law for the pitching process of the maneuverable missile model. Simulations and analysis of the pitching maneuver process are carried out by the NVF simulator to improve the flight control law. Higher control response performance is obtained by adjusting the gain factors and adding an integrator into the control loop.     

A novel control method for turboshaft engine with variable rotor speed based on the Ngdot estimator through LQG/LTR and rotor predicted torque feedforward

In order to compensate for the disturbance of wide variation in rotor demanded torque on power turbine speed and realize the fast response control of turboshaft engine during variable rotor speed, a cascade PID control method based on the acceleration estimator of gas turbine speed (Ngdot) and rotor predicted torque feedforward is proposed. Firstly, a two-speed Dual Clutch Transmission (DCT) model is applied in the integrated rotor/turboshaft engine system to achieve variable rotor speed. Then, an online estimation method of Ngdot based on the Linear Quadratic Gaussian with Loop Transfer Recovery (LQG/LTR) is proposed for power turbine speed cascade control. Finally, according to the cascade PID controller based on Ngdot estimator, a rotor demanded torque predicted method based on the Min-batch Gradient Descent-Neural Network (MGD-NN) is put forward to compromise the influence of rotor torque interference. The simulation results show that compared with cascade PID controller based on Ngdot estimator and the one combined with collective pitch feedforward control, the novel control method proposed can reduce the overshoot of power turbine speed by more than 20%, which possesses faster response, superior dynamic effect and satisfactory robustness performance. The control method proposed can realize the fast response control of turboshaft engine with variable rotor speed better.     

Numerical investigation of flow mechanisms of tandem impeller inside a centrifugal compressor

This study numerically investigated a single stage centrifugal compressor ‘‘Radiver’’ with a wedge diffuser and several tandem-designed impellers to explore the flow phenomena within the tandem impeller and the potential to enhance compressor performance. The results demonstrate that tandem design and clocking fraction (λ_s) significantly affects the compressor performance. The compressor stage with tandem impellers of Series A of boundary layer growth interruption alone are observed to have a widely operating range but efficiency and total pressure ratio penalty compared with that of conventional impeller. The tandem impeller with at least the same impeller efficiency as the conventional design is considered as a critical design criteria so that further modification process based on the flow characteristic of tandem impeller is necessary. In order to restrain the inducer wake and exducer shock losses, parameters modification of blade angle and thickness distributions are necessary and the modified tandem impeller of Series B is obtained. The modified tandem impeller with 25% clocking arrangement shows an 8.45% stall margin increase and maintains the total pressure ratio and efficiency as the conventional design, which proves the potential of tandem impeller to improve compressor stage performance. It is noteworthy that the tandem impellers of Radiver have not shown obviously balanced exit flow field and the fundamental mechanism of stall margin extending of tandem impeller lies on the improved impeller/diffuser matching performance resulting from the incidence angle variation at diffuser inlet.     

边界层抽吸对超燃冲压发动机流场特性的影响研究

为了解边界层抽吸对超燃冲压发动机流场的影响,采用风洞试验和数值计算对隔离段激波串特性以及燃烧室燃烧特性进行了研究。结果表明,在发动机入口马赫数2.0,总温950K,总压0.82MPa的来流条件下,当量比为0.18先锋氢气与不同当量比煤油共同燃烧呈不稳定状态,激波串在隔离段内前后振荡传播。当煤油当量比为0.29时,激波串振荡前缘远离抽吸位置,边界层抽吸对发动机流场基本没有影响。随着煤油当量比逐渐增大,激波串前缘位置到达抽吸区附近,边界层抽吸开始产生影响,改变了隔离段内的激波串动态演化过程、形态结构以及位置分布,同时有效提高了隔离段抗反压特性,使得煤油最大当量比可以由0.38增大至0.42。此外,边界层抽吸对发动机内的亚燃/超燃区域分布也会产生影响。     

C/SiC材料主被动氧化烧蚀机理及计算方法研究

基于热化学平衡方法建立了任意比例C/SiC材料的主被动氧化烧蚀模型，开展了C/SiC材料氧化烧蚀机理的计算研究，并基于典型材料烧蚀试验结果进行了充分验证。计算结果表明，C/SiC材料的氧化烧蚀特性取决于表面温度、氧分压以及组分等因素，可能会出现主动氧化和被动氧化两种破坏机制，目前的烧蚀模型能够预测出任意比例C/SiC材料两种氧化烧蚀机制的转换过程；SiC含量对C/SiC材料的氧化烧蚀特性有明显的影响，随着SiC含量的提升，主/被动氧化转换临界分压会减小，材料的抗氧化性能越好；但当材料均处于主动氧化阶段时，SiC含量越高材料的无量纲烧蚀速率越大，材料的抗烧蚀性能减弱。     

超声速膨胀角入射激波/湍流边界层干扰直接数值模拟

为了揭示膨胀效应对激波/湍流边界层干扰区内复杂流动现象的影响规律,采用直接数值模拟方法对来流马赫数2.9、30°激波角的入射激波与10°膨胀角湍流边界层相互作用问题进行了数值研究。系统地探讨了激波入射点分别位于膨胀角上游、膨胀角角点和膨胀角下游3种工况下膨胀角干扰区内若干基本流动现象,如分离泡、物面压力脉动及激波非定常运动、湍流边界层统计特性和相干结构动力学过程等。结果表明,激波入射点流向位置改变对分离区流向和法向尺度的影响显著,尤其是当激波入射点位于角点及其下游区域。研究发现,膨胀角干扰区内物面压力脉动强度急剧减小,分离区内压力波向下游传播速度将降低而在膨胀区内将升高,膨胀效应极大地抑制了分离激波的低频振荡运动。相较于入射激波与平板湍流边界层干扰,入射激波流向位置改变对膨胀角再附区速度剖面对数区及尾迹区影响显著,将导致其内层结构参数升高而外层降低,近壁区内将呈现远离一组元湍流状态的趋势。此外,流向速度脉动场本征正交分解分析指出,主模态空间结构集中在分离激波及剪切层根部附近而高阶模态以边界层内小尺度正负交替脉动结构为主。低阶重构流场结果表明,前者对应为分离泡低频膨胀/收缩过程而后者表征为分离泡高频脉动。     

展向振荡对激波/湍流边界层干扰的影响

周期振荡作为一种有效的壁面流动控制手段受到广泛关注,而其对激波/湍流边界层干扰的影响目前鲜有研究。本文采用高精度直接数值模拟（DNS）方法对马赫数2.9、12°激波入射角、强振荡下的激波/湍流边界层干扰进行了系统研究。通过与无振荡工况的定量比较,揭示了展向强振荡对干扰区内复杂流动结构的影响规律及作用机制,如分离泡尺度、物面压力脉动非定常特性、物面剪切的非定常特性及统计特征等。研究发现：在展向强振荡作用下,分离点位置提前,间歇区长度增大;同时由于分离泡内强黏性耗散的影响,展向振荡的穿透高度约为分离泡高度的4%,因而对流动结构不会产生实质影响。但展向强振荡会对壁面附近流动造成显著影响,如强振荡诱导的壁面展向速度远大于流向速度,造成流向剪切与展向剪切之间夹角的概率密度函数峰值从0°偏移到80°~90°之间。物面压力及剪切本征正交分解分析表明,展向振荡会导致模态能量从低阶模态向高阶模态转移,降低低频运动的能量占比,增强再附后Görtler涡等壁面附近旋涡结构的强度。     

1 500℃极端高温环境下高超声速飞行器轻质隔热材料热/振联合试验

远程高超声速飞行器处于极为恶劣的气动加热与振动耦合环境中,长时间的高温与振动载荷相互叠加会导致飞行器热防护材料出现裂纹、错位、剥离或脱落,甚至会引发致命的安全事故。因此热防护材料在极端高温环境下的地面热/振联合试验测试,对于高超声速飞行器的安全可靠性设计极为重要。建立高温与振动复合试验环境,设法解决轻质多孔隔热材料在强振动下,表面温度难于准确测量与控制的难题,制作水冷式隔热装置保护价格昂贵的振动激励设备等,实现了1 500℃高温环境下高超声速飞行器轻质隔热材料的热/振联合试验。得到非金属隔热材料陶瓷纤维板内部的断裂形貌及裂纹断面特征。根据试验前、后材料的表观及微观变化以及内部结合剂的变化等试验结果,对材料进行改进。经过试验测试后,达到了使用要求。本文建立的1 500℃极端高温环境下的热/振联合试验系统及试验结果为远程高超声速飞行器热防护材料的抗振动能力评估、隔热效果确定以及材料性能的改进提供了重要支撑。